کور مضاعف double-blind
آزمایش کور )نابینا) یک آزمایش علمی است که افراد شرکت‌کننده در آن از داشتن اطلاعاتی که منجر شود به صورت خودآگاه یا ناخودآگاه به سمتی متمایل شوند، منع می‌شوند. به طور مثال وقتی از مصرف‌کننده پرسیده شود که طعم و مزه محصولات مختلف را با هم مقایسه کند، نام سازنده محصول باید پوشانده شود. در غیر اینصورت معمولاً مصرف‌کننده به سمت محصولی که از قبل نسبت به آن شناخت دارد متمایل می‌شود. به همین شکل وقتی قدرت تاثیر یک دارو مورد آزمایش قرار می‌گیرد، هم بیماران و هم پزشکان شرکت‌کننده در آزمایش از دوز مصرفی بی‌اطلاع هستند. این باعث خواهد شد شانس هرگونه تأثیر تلقینی یا فریب هوشیارانه از بین برود. آزمایش کور ابزار بسیار مهم و کاربردی در شاخه‌های مختلف علوم است.
انواع آزمایش کور:
آزمایش کور یکطرفه (یگانه)
در آزمایش کور یکطرفه، اطلاعاتی که می‌تواند باعث منحرف شدن نتیجه آزمایش شود از دید شرکت‌کننده مخفی می‌ماند ولی مسئول انجام آزمایش از آنها مطلع است. مثال کلاسیک این آزمایش چالش پپسیاست. در این آزمایش که کمپانی نوشابه‌سازی پپسی آن را برگزار می‌کند، دو لیوان نوشیدنی که یکی حاوی کوکاکولا و دیگری حاوی پپسی است در اختیار شرکت‌کنندگان قرار می‌گیرد. مسئول بازاریابی پپسی از شرکت‌کنندگان می‌خواهد پس از نوشیدن، از بین دو لیوان نوشیدنی روی میز آن را که به لحاظ طعم و مزه بیشتر می‌پسندند انتخاب کنند. شرکت‌کنندگان فقط پس از اتمام آزمایش از محتوی لیوان ها مطلع می‌شوند. (کدام پپسی و کدام کوکاکولا بوده‌است). نقطه ضعف آزمایشی که به شکل یکطرفه انجام شود این است که چون مسئول برگزاری از محتوی آزمایش مطلع است ممکن است به صورت خواسته یا ناخواسته شرکت‌کنندگان را به سمت خاصی سوق بدهد. مخصوصاً اگر منافع مالی در بین باشد.
آزمایش کور دوطرفه (دوگانه)
در آزمایش کور دوطرفه، که معمولاً در مورد انسانها به انجام می‌رسند، عواملی که می‌تواند باعث منحرف شدن نتیجه آزمایش شوند هم از دید شرکت‌کننده و هم از دید مسئول (یا مسئولان) انجام آزمایش مخفی می‌مانند. در بیشتر موارد آزمایش کور دوطرف به منظور دستیابی استاندارد بالاتر علمی انجام می‌شوند.
The experimental design called blind experiment is used most often when the subjects in the experiment are people. Sometimes the subjects know too much about the experiment or are biased. Therefore, the experimenter must work out a way to keep them “blind” about the independent variable, that is, without fore-knowing what has changed. Here is an example that illustrates the place that blind experiments hold in science investigations.
Blind Experiments
Jack enjoys experimenting with cookery, changing recipes to learn how to make some of the foods he prepares taste better. On the grocery store shelf he finds a box of pure cocoa with no sweeteners or other additives. He asks himself, How would chocolate cookies made with that pure cocoa compare with cookies made with the baking chocolate I always use? He finds in a cookbook a formula for substituting cocoa for baking chocolate, and he bakes two batches of cookies. He refers to those with cocoa as “A” and those with baking chocolate as “B”
Jack invites a group of friends over and offers the cookies, which he has separated into two cookie jars, one labeled ”A” and the other labeled “B” He explains to them that, without knowing the difference, or while “blind” to the difference, they are to try each kind of cookie and tell him which they prefer.
The blind experiment is much used by scientists who are investigating painkillers, dietary additives, and other variables. Blind experiments are used when it is important that the subjects do not know or are “blind” to which treatment they are getting, if any. That way the subjects can be completely honest about the effects of their treatment. In such experiments, the scientists often will give one group of subjects a “dummy” or placebo pill, one that does not contain any of the medicine being tested. The subjects, of course, are not told which they are getting-the active medicine or the placebo. Even then there is often a problem because the subjects in a blind experiment sometimes convince themselves that they are getting—the active medicine, and their belief tends to affect them as if they were actually getting the medicine.
An investigator can avoid this problem by using the following approach: the investigator makes up two different painkillers or analgesics in identical forms such as tablets or capsules, and issues them to subjects with pain problems without telling them which kind of pill they are getting. Then, as the subjects report back about the results of the two painkillers (or analgesics), the investigator can make a decision about their effectiveness.
For your own investigations, you might consider blind experiments in the area of cookery, as with Jack’s experiment with cocoa. Or, you might want to try comparing the effects of coffee, with or without caffeine, on performance in mathematics, such as memorizing digits, on athletic performance, and so on. You might find other ways for using blind experiments. The prejudice problem on the part of experimental subjects tends to demand it.
Double-Blind Experiments
To be doubly sure that the results of an investigation are not influenced by the prejudice of the investigator, scientists rely on the double-blind experiment. Suppose, for example, a scientist has been much involved in the research on a treatment for the common cold, one that relieves symptoms and actually hastens recovery. Let’s say scientist Blackmore has total faith in her new cold remedy and very much wants to see her discovery go over in a big way. The problem is this: How can Blackmore do her experimenting and be totally honest about the results, not kidding herself or anyone else? To do this, she uses a double-blind experimental design.
First, she gets someone she trusts to make up some pills in two batches, one that contains the new treatment for colds and the other one a placebo. Next, she recruits a suitable number of people to take part in the experiment. They are told that they will be randomly assigned to the experimental or to the control group by the tossing of a coin or by taking names out of a hat. The subjects are blind to which group they will be in.
Now, here is where the double-blind factor enters. Blackmore herself does not know which group each subject is in. She gets her trusted associate to give out the pills to each subject, and neither the subjects nor Blackmore knows who receives which one.
After enough time has passed for the subjects to have colds and to use their pills, Blackmore interviews each subject. She questions them about the effectiveness of their treatments and summarizes the effectiveness of each in a report. When she is finished, Blackmore’s associate shows her which subjects received the new treatment and which subjects received the placebo pills. Only then can Blackmore and others honestly judge the effectiveness of her cold treatment.
This use of a double-blind experimental design is complex and costly. Even so, it is a very important form of experimenting, and it has great advantages when both subjects and experimenter know too much about the goals of the experiment.